The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic (2024)

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Read this article at Abstract Abstract Related collections Most cited references60 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Author and article information Comments Comment on this article References
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The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic (1)

Author(s):

Michael Worobey 1 , * , ,

Joshua I. Levy 2 ,

Lorena Malpica Serrano 1 ,

Alexander Crits-Christoph 3 ,

Jonathan E. Pekar 4 , 5 ,

Stephen A. Goldstein 6 ,

Angela L. Rasmussen 7 , 8 ,

Moritz U. G. Kraemer 9 ,

Chris Newman 10 ,

Marion P. G. Koopmans 11 , 12 ,

Marc A. Suchard 13 , 14 , 15 ,

Joel O. Wertheim 16 ,

Philippe Lemey 17 , 18 ,

David L. Robertson 19 ,

Robert F. Garry 18 , 20 , 21 ,

Edward C. Holmes 22 ,

Andrew Rambaut 23 ,

Kristian G. Andersen 2 , 24 , * ,

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 26 July 2022

Journal: Science (New York, N.y.)

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science

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      Abstract

      Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports but later this conclusion became controversial. We show the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2 susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and, within the market, SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. While there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circ*mstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred via the live wildlife trade in China, and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.

      Abstract

      Related collections

      Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

      Most cited references60

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      Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

      Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)

      Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.

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        Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

        Dawei Wang, Bo Hu, Fangfang Zhu … (2020)

        In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.

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          Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

          Nanshan Chen, Min Zhou, Xuan Dong … (2022)

          Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors

          Michael Worobey:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3578-1367

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Joshua I. Levy:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-7793

          Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Lorena Malpica Serrano:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4598-7385

          Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Alexander Crits-Christoph: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Jonathan E. Pekar:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-2886

          Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Stephen A. Goldstein:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-1097

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Angela L. Rasmussen:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-3169

          Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Moritz U. G. Kraemer:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-7147

          Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - review & editing

          Chris Newman:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-6526

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Marion P. G. Koopmans:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-2312

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Marc A. Suchard:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9818-479X

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Joel O. Wertheim:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-5856

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - review & editing

          Philippe Lemey:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-5353

          Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          David L. Robertson:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-0221

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Robert F. Garry:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-3250

          Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Edward C. Holmes:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3552

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Andrew Rambaut:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-3707

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing

          Kristian G. Andersen:

          ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-5982

          Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing

          Journal

          Journal ID (nlm-ta): Science

          Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Science

          Journal ID (publisher-id): science

          Title: Science (New York, N.y.)

          Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science

          ISSN (Print): 0036-8075

          ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203

          Publication date (Electronic, pub): 26 July 2022

          Publication date PMC-release: 26 July 2022

          Electronic Location Identifier: abp8715

          Affiliations

          [ 1 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

          [ 2 ]Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

          [ 3 ]W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

          [ 4 ]Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

          [ 5 ]Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

          [ 6 ]Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

          See Also
          What info would Huanan wet market offer to WHO’s COVID-19 origin seeking?

          [ 7 ]Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E3, Canada.

          [ 8 ]Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

          [ 9 ]Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.

          [ 10 ]Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK.

          [ 11 ]Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.

          [ 12 ]Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.

          [ 13 ]Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

          [ 14 ]Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

          [ 15 ]Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

          [ 16 ]Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

          [ 17 ]Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

          [ 18 ]Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

          [ 19 ]MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.

          [ 20 ]Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.

          [ 21 ]Zalgen Labs, Frederick, MD 21703, USA.

          [ 22 ]Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.

          [ 23 ]Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.

          [ 24 ]Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

          Author notes

          [* ]Corresponding author. Email: worobey@ 123456arizona.edu (MW); andersen@ 123456scripps.edu (KGA)

          Author information
          Article

          Publisher ID: abp8715

          DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8715

          PMC ID: 9348750

          PubMed ID: 35881010

          SO-VID: fe9ed29b-7ecb-49a1-a0ef-c82d4dd4925e

          Copyright © Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

          License:

          This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

          History

          Date received : 02 March 2022

          Date accepted : 18 July 2022

          Funding

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          Categories

          Subject: Research Article

          Subject: Research Articles

          Subject: R-Articles

          Subject: Epidemiology

          Subject: Coronavirus


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          Comments

          Nnaemeka Emmanuel Mgbedo wrote:

          This a very interesting article but Is there any information on possible transmission means of SARS-CoV-2 toHuanan Seafood Wholesale Market? Because over the years, China have been having a progressive wild life trade over years and how can we predict or say that there was a change?

          2022-08-12 07:58 UTC

          +1

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          The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic (2024)

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